在日常學習、工作或生活中，大家總少不了接觸作文或者范文吧，通過文章可以把我們那些零零散散的思想，聚集在一塊。大家想知道怎么樣才能寫一篇比較優質的范文嗎？接下來小編就給大家介紹一下優秀的范文該怎么寫，我們一起來看一看吧。
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇一
2. it is (has been) estimated that the worlds population could reach 6 billion by the end of the century.
3. it must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work.
4. it can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we can overcome.
5. as is known man is the product of labour.
6. it is a common saying that man who has a settled purpose will surely succeed.
7. it is clear that the enemy has no desire for peace.
8. it is hard to imagine how edison managed to work twenty hours each day.
9. its hard to say whether the plan is practicable.
10. there is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties.
11. it seems certain that they have made a series of experiments.
12. it is said that bats have been using radar for millions of years.
13. to tell the truth , many mistakes we made could have been avoided.
14. as we know, it was not until recently that the problem was solved.
15. it must be admitted that you havent done what you promised to do.
16. in my opinion, this com*r is different from that one you saw.
17. it is certain that we have a long way to go.
18. all this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.
19. as far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.
20. it has been proved that every substance, no matter what it is, is made up of atoms.
21. it has been decided that we are going to build a railway whose base must be completed within this year.
22. it is obvious (evident) that the success of the innovation depends on our concerted efforts.
23. to be frank, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.
24. it is natural that one may have trouble expressing complicated ideas in simple english.
25. what is more important, the agreement they have negotiated is being carried out.
26. we will be successful as long as we persevere.
27. frankly speaking, what you call the truth may not ap* to things happening here.
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇二
造句練習：在數字時代，電子商務在經濟領域扮演著越來越重要的作用。
參考答案：in digital era, electronic commerce plays an increasing role in the field of economy.
造句練習：按照國際慣例，在一個國家教育投資應該占其國民生產總值的4%。
參考答案：in line with international convention, education investment in a country should account for 40 percent of gross domestic product (gdp for short).
造句練習：經濟的發展使國民的購買力大幅提升，從而有更多的錢用于教育、旅游、日常開銷等。
參考答案：economic growth brings citizens greater purchasing power which makes it available for them to cover education, travel，daily expenses and so forth.
造句練習：在人們生活水*大幅提高的今天，更要倡導理性消費。
參考練習：today while living level are greatly advanced, rational consumption should be advocated even more.
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇三
六級考試的作文內容為社會、文化或日常生活的一般常識，不涉及知識面過廣、專業性太強的內容。具體說來可以分為兩個方面：
(1)關于大學生的話題：
(2)關于社會問題的話題：
六級考試作文的`出題方式有：命題作文，看圖畫或圖表作文，根據所給文章(英文或中文)寫出文章摘要或大意，給出關鍵詞作文等。
根據具體特點六級考試作文可以分為以下五個類型：對立觀點型、解決問題型、諺語警句型、圖表圖畫型、應用寫作型。
(一)對立觀點型
directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on
the topic is a test of spoken english necessary? the first sentence has already been written for you. you should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline below:
1. 很多人認為有必要舉行英語口語考試，理由是......
2. 也有人持不同意見，......
3. 我的看法和打算
(二) 解決問題型
directions: for this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled reduce waste on campus. you should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇四
語文寫作基礎:闡述觀點有理有據
知識要點：
2、議論文的三要素包括論點、論據和論證。
3、寫簡單的議論文，努力做到有理有據。
考試說明：
我們在報刊上、書籍中經?？吹降恼撐摹⑸缯?、短評、小評論、雜感、序跋、宣言、聲明、開幕詞、以及用文字記錄下來的講話稿、報告等都屬議論文。議論文在“兩個文明建設”和日常生活中有著極大的作用。我們必須努力學習和掌握這種文體的寫法。
1、議論文的三要素
每一篇議論文，都離不開論點、論據和論證。因此，鮮明的論點，確鑿的論據，嚴密的論證，是議論文的三個基本要素。
①正確。寫議論文的目的是為了宣傳真理、明辨是非、分清正誤、區別美丑，所以，思想觀點正確是首要的。
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇五
高一英語對比觀點類作文模板
(1) 要求論述兩個對立的觀點并給出自己的看法。
1. 有一些人認為。。。
2. 另一些人認為。。。
3. 我的看法。。。
the topic of ①-----------------(主題)is becoming more and more popular recently. there are two sides of opinions of it. some people say a is their favorite. they hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------(支持a的理由一)what is more, ③-------------理由二). moreover, ④---------------(理由三).
while others think that b is a better choice in the following three reasons. firstly,-----------------(支持b的理由一). secondly (besides),⑥------------------(理由二). thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三).
from my point of view, i think ⑧----------------(我的觀點). the reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因). as a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. for me, the former is surely a wise choice .
(2) 給出一個觀點，要求考生反對這一觀點
some people believe that ①----------------(觀點一). for example, they think
②-------------(舉例說明).and it will bring them ③-----------------(為他們帶來的好處).
in my opinion, i never think this reason can be the point. for one thing,④------(我不同
意該看法的理由一). for another thing, ⑤------(反對的理由之二). form all what i have said,
i agree to the thought that ⑥----------(我對文章所討論主題的看法).
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇六
如何清楚闡述口語表達觀點
托?？谡Z部分的第一題和第二題是針對日常生活中常見的人事物，描述或表達自己的看法和觀點?？疾榭忌乃季S應對能力。某一話題闡述自己的觀點是托?？谡Z部分的第一題和第二題的考試內容。通常這類話題針對日常生活中常見的人事物，考生需要對其進行描述或表達自己的看法和觀點。主要是考查考生的思維應對能力。那么我們如何在托?？谡Z考試中闡述自己的觀點呢?
1、盡量按照總分的結構進行敘述，單刀直入，這也是西方人習慣的表達方式。由一句主題句引出觀點與中心，讓考官能夠清晰地得知敘述的主題，從而打下良好的基礎。如果在考題中出現了問題，則應該開門見山地回答問題，切入主題，闡明自己的觀點，從而為接下來的詳細敘述理清層次以及節約時間，如果有多余的時間，則可以再增添一句總結的話語，使敘述詳盡完整。
2、在敘述的過程中應該合理地利用邏輯詞匯，這樣使文章的邏輯順暢，條理清晰。中國人說話習慣靠上下文去分析句與句的關系，但是西方人不同，他們習慣用邏輯連接詞來表達句子關系，如果按照中國人的思維去說英語(課程)，在外國人看來就是一堆雜亂無章的句子羅列，這樣的分數常常會十分的不好看。論點的敘述，則應該盡量在草稿上簡單羅列，講述時由淺至深，增強邏輯性與條理性。所以，在練習口語的過程中，最好請一位外教跟蹤輔導，為學生糾正口音以及語言習慣等問題。
3、在描述時，應該盡量將抽象的話語具體化，不能很空泛地喊口號做呼吁，這樣常常收效甚微。西方人習慣十分具體生動的描述，如描述環境很優美，不應該僅僅說“its beautiful outside”，而可以去描述flower，tree，bird等細節，增強生動性。
4、面對十分概括的問題時，許多考生會覺得十分難以開口，只能讓時間白白流失，痛失了分數。針對這類問題，就應該將問題縮小到一個具體的事物進行敘述和討論，縮小問題尋找突破口，這種方法也是所有寬泛問題的應對方式。
托?？谡Z的邏輯發音你摸清楚了嗎?
按照總分結構迎合英語表達方式
考生首先要做的是盡量按照總分的結構進行敘述，單刀直入，這也是西方人習慣的表達方式。由一句主題句引出觀點與中心，讓考官能夠清晰地得知敘述的主題，從而打下良好的基礎。如果在考題中出現了問題，則應該開門見山地回答問題，切入主題，闡明自己的觀點，從而為接下來的詳細敘述理清層次以及節約時間，如果有多余的時間，則可以再增添一句總結的話語，使敘述詳盡完整。
多用邏輯詞匯串聯表述內容
在敘述的過程中應該合理地利用邏輯詞匯，這樣使文章的邏輯順暢，條理清晰。中國人說話習慣靠上下文去分析句與句的關系，但是西方人不同，他們習慣用邏輯連接詞來表達句子關系，如果按照中國人的思維去說英語，在外國人看來就是一堆雜亂無章的句子羅列，這樣的分數常常會十分的不好看。論點的敘述，則應該盡量在草稿上簡單羅列，講述時由淺至深，增強邏輯性與條理性。所以，在練習口語的過程中，最好請外教或者英語高手進行輔導，為學生糾正口音以及語言習慣等問題。
多用細節減少抽象話語
在描述時，大家應該盡量將抽象的話語具體化，不能很空泛地喊口號做呼吁，這樣常常收效甚微。西方人習慣十分具體生動的描述，如描述環境很優美，不應該僅僅說“its beautiful outside”，而可以去描述flower、tree、bird等細節，增強生動性。
將概念問題縮小到具體事物
面對十分概括的問題時，許多考生會覺得十分難以開口，只能讓時間白白流失，痛失了分數。針對這類問題，就應該將問題縮小到一個具體的事物進行敘述和討論，縮小問題尋找突破口，這種方法也是所有寬泛問題的應對方式。
總而言之，以上就是托?？谡Z闡述觀點的4個步驟，口語重視的是邏輯和發音。邏輯是重中之重，所以我們在口語考試的時候不要緊張，思路一定要清晰。
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇七
topic: do you prefer to become a leader or a follower?
你想當領導還是追隨者？
hello ,everyone!
today, i willtalk? about the topic of ”do you preferto become a? leader or a follower?“ my choiceis the leader. to be a leader can improve my various abilities, such as communication, organization, leadershipand the ability of emergency handling. but to be a leader is not easy, i think thatleaders need to have the following capabilities:
first, the spirit of learning. only by continuous learningcan a person always stands in forefront of the times.
second, avoiding the greedypursuit of money. the leader should not let his eyes glued to the wealth, butmaintain the pursuit of an ideal person.
third, continuously carrying theirinnovative spirit. only by? constantinnovation can he better develop the human beings.
fourth, the ability of finding eachstrengths and making full use of them by constant encouragement.
in the end, tell you a little truth,if you want to be a great leader, you must first be a good follower!
by shen yan
英語觀點類作文范文（二）
topic:do you prefer to study alone on work assignment from class or to study ingroup?
喜歡獨自完成作業還是小組合作？
good morning everyone, myname is zhengyao, my topic is ”do you prefer to study alone on work assignment fromclass or to study in group“.
as everyone knows , studyingalone can improve the ability of , i thinkstudying in group is a better way, because it canimprove the learning interest of the students .and we can not only save timebut also encourage each other.
in the group learning, the way of a few people sitting together around a tablehas? broken the traditional form of classroomseat in group can stimulate the studentsdesire to learn, strengthening students awareness to participate actively
i still remember when i was in grade 8, my physicswas very poor. i had a really hard time with it. once in class, i studied withsome classmates together. i was very relaxed and asked my classmates a lot ofquestions about physics. i didn’t feel stressed out at all. atlast, i finished my homework by myself for the first time. how excited i was!because of studying in groups, i am not worried about physic any more. i getmore confidence with my classmates’ help. it also givesme more chances to improve myself in many ways.
so i prefer studying in a group to studying on my own.
thank you for yourlistening.
by zheng yao
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇八
托?？谡Z闡述觀點技巧介紹 讓考官聽懂你想表達什么
托?？谡Z闡述觀點技巧介紹
1、盡量按照總分的結構進行敘述，單刀直入，這也是西方人習慣的表達方式。由一句主題句引出觀點與中心，讓考官能夠清晰地得知敘述的主題，從而打下良好的基礎。如果在考題中出現了問題，則應該開門見山地回答問題，切入主題，闡明自己的觀點，從而為接下來的詳細敘述理清層次以及節約時間，如果有多余的時間，則可以再增添一句總結的話語，使敘述詳盡完整。
2、在敘述的過程中應該合理地利用邏輯詞匯，這樣使文章的邏輯順暢，條理清晰。中國人說話習慣靠上下文去分析句與句的關系，但是西方人不同，他們習慣用邏輯連接詞來表達句子關系，如果按照中國人的思維去說英語，在外國人看來就是一堆雜亂無章的句子羅列，這樣的分數常常會十分的不好看。論點的敘述，則應該盡量在草稿上簡單羅列，講述時由淺至深，增強邏輯性與條理性。所以，在練習口語的過程中，大家需要注意及時糾正口音以及語言習慣等問題。
3、在描述時，應該盡量將抽象的話語具體化，不能很空泛地喊口號做呼吁，這樣常常收效甚微。西方人習慣十分具體生動的描述，如描述環境很優美，不應該僅僅說“its beautiful outside”，而可以去描述flower，tree，bird等細節，增強生動性。
4、面對十分概括的問題時，許多考生會覺得十分難以開口，只能讓時間白白流失，痛失了分數。針對這類問題，就應該將問題縮小到一個具體的事物進行敘述和討論，縮小問題尋找突破口，這種方法也是所有寬泛問題的應對方式。
如何改善托?？谡Z的臨場發揮
ibt口語-23分并不難-口語考試注意點.響口語考試的因素一般有以下幾個：
(1)場的順序，聽到不少板油在嚷，進入考場太晚，受到干擾之類的,
(2)話筒，看到不少人后悔考試的時候忘了對準麥克風，分數只有14，15分,
(3)聲音的大小，到了考場就知道，這樣的考試方法注定在考口語的時候非?；靵y，鬧哄哄的，所以聲音小的人，必然吃虧,
(4)小聰明，看多很多人在口語考試的時候先聽別人講，然后再自己開始，以為這樣可以聽到題目。偶在現場試過，實際上比較困難，會聽到別人回答的內容，但是你不能確實推斷出題目，會影響對題目的第一判斷。偶考試的時候吃虧在第一題，因為聽到一個朋友在回答，稍稍聽了一下他的回答，但是導致自己跟著他的思路走，考試的時候忘了后面怎么回答，因為只聽到部分。
(5)緊張，這個每個人都有.
當然問題還有很多，目前所知的就這些，那么如何避免以上這些問題呢：
(1)關于進入考場的順序，老師一般是按照名字字母的順序abcd...安排考位的，偶當時考得時候z，最后第三個進去，做聽力最后幾段的時候，的確不少朋友開始試音了，對聽力有部分干擾?？伎谡Z的時候，少數先進去的講完了，但是大部分人都還在講，感覺現場比較亂，如果心理狀態不是很好的朋友，很容易受到干擾。所以就口語而言，其實先進的朋友還是有一定優勢的。當然有部分朋友會覺得如果先進的話，就不能使所謂的“小聰明” ,這就是問題4，先提上來解決。
(2)關于話筒，其實沒有所謂的什么位置最好，只要你考試的時候注意把話筒拿下來，拉到嘴巴邊，就可以了。很多人之所以忘，是因為太緊張了，所以得到非常低的分數。
(3)聲音一定要響亮。這個原因前面講過了，所以在練習的時候，一定練習聲音響亮。其次，聲音響亮也是自信的表現。
(4)很多人有機經看多了，有這樣的心態，想到現場聽題，因為的確是完全有機會聽到別人的回答。但是這邊給個良心建議，考試的時候千萬不要報這種心態，非常影響考試的情緒，原因我也講過了，如果抱著這種心態，你會千方百計去聽別人的回答，而完全忘記的自己準備的內容。所以奉勸各位一句：如果你是花時間準備了，相信自己，不需要這種手段，同樣可以考好。
(5)緊張如何克服呢?我之前看多機經，不少朋友會利用口語考試前休息的10分鐘，把自己準備的口語模版默寫下來，把紙對折成4，一張紙正反面即可。我親身實踐了一下，完全可行。中間問老師要了些白紙和換了鉛筆，然后默寫模版，時間剛剛好，當然我沒有出去吃東西或者上廁所，考試的時候，默寫的時候，模版在左，筆記在右，感覺挺胸有成竹的，一點都不緊張。回答的時候，就像填空差不多，讀一讀就好了。大家也看到，ibt口語-23分并不難,如果大家也這么準備，相信23分應該不是問題。good luck!
托福口語每天大聲練20分鐘
托?？谡Z考試對考生最具挑戰性的一點是考生幾乎沒有深入思考的時間，從給出題目到開始考試，只有短短的15秒鐘，卻要求在45秒鐘之內給出一個有頭有尾的完整回答。老師說，托?？荚囀菍忌⒄Z素質的考察，很多考生面對計算機，不自覺就會出現很多口頭禪，有英文的：well,you know等或者毫無意義的“啊、嗯”的音節，更有甚者，將自己的中文口頭禪也說出來。這些無意義的詞語出現在只有45秒的口語答案中，很具殺傷力。
老師建議考生在答題時盡量放松心情，發音能讓人聽懂就可以?？忌鷮τ诳谡Z題的準備應主要集中在人、地、物、事幾個大方面，可以提前準備一些相關的句型，考試的時候適當代入?？忌M量在45秒的答題時間內，充分展示自己的詞匯量，做到流利準確。
口語備考多說多反饋
很多人都知道英語要多說，但是真正做到每天都說的人很少。建議考生多做題，每天至少大聲說足20分鐘。光說還不行，要與人對話、與電腦對話，盡可能多地獲得反饋。如果能夠讓老師聽，指出發音或語法錯誤是最好。最簡單的反饋是將自己說的英語做錄音后，反復聽，檢查錯誤。指出只說不反饋，永遠不會進步。
最后，總結說，托福備考是一個很乏味的過程，除了反復做題外，口語和寫作還要積極獲得各種反饋。一定要有堅持到底的信念，態度很關鍵，每天做足練習，不要輕言放棄。只有堅持到最后，才能獲得成功。
托福口語高分考生都有哪些特點
托福口語考試高分考生的總體優點：
1、他們的語音語調比較標準，或者說非常標準。
2、他們的語言表達非常的流利連貫。
3、他們在考場上表現的自信和大方。
對于正在備考的朋友來說，這三大優點，是完全可以提前培養好的：
(1)平時練習段子的難度要適中!比如，你不要拿gre閱讀來練發音朗讀。要想清楚，你要做的朗讀段子練發音，而不是練閱讀理解。
(2)這個閱讀材料要有一個漂亮的音頻跟它相匹配，這樣你跟著音頻去跟讀，去朗讀。
(3)了解語音語調知識。比如說哪些音和哪些音容易混淆。
(4)朗讀時，聲音要端坐挺胸、大聲清晰、音調準確。
(5)你在讀這個東西的時候，你可以把它錄下音來，讓你周圍的朋友，英語發音比較好的朋友去幫你聽一聽，把你的錯誤給你挑出來。
(6)閱讀的材料，不在于你讀了多少段，而在于在讀每一段，每一遍，你是不是有所改進。你把10-20個段子，每個段子都讀得特別棒，就ok了。
托?？谡Z闡述觀點技巧介紹
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇九
百變句子開頭使你的句型多變
1.以同位語作為句子的`開頭。
the most popular teacher in neworiental, ma zihui, will attend the party. 2.以單個修飾語作為句子的開頭。
這個修飾語可以是形容詞、分詞或副詞。
young and ambitious,jieyu works hard to teach englsih.
secretly, the girl entered the room.
with a book in her hands, fang meng talked to a foreigner.
exhausted, the students reached the top of the mountain.
3.以短語修飾語作為句子的開頭。
短語修飾語可以是介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語以及獨立主格結構。
in front of me stood a beautiful girl.
to pass the exam, the students worked hard.
confused about the problem, he went to ask for his teacher.
your homework finished, you may go home.
4.用從句作為句子的開始。
if i am free, i will attend your lecture.
whenever one goes, whatever one does, one needs money.
英語小作文開頭常用短語句式
with the growing popularity of in china, the quality of our lives has been considerably changed.
with the growth of , many problems such as are beginng to surface
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇十
正反觀點論述類作文模板
導入：
第1段：(導入話題)
(觀點有分歧)
正文：
第2段：most of the students are in favour of it.(正方觀點)
.(列出2~3個贊成的理由)
第3段：however, the others are strongly against it. (反方觀點)
(列出2~3個反對的理由)
結論：
第4段： (個人觀點)
高中英語觀點類作文模板：觀點論述類議論文模板
導入：
第1段：提出一種現象或某個決定作為議論的話題
as a student, i am strongly in favour of the decision . (亮明自己的觀點是贊成還是反對)
the reasons for this may be listed as follows. (過渡句，承上啟下)
正文：
第2段：first of all... secondly... besides...(列出2~3個贊成或反對的理由)
結論：
第3段：in conclusion, i believe that... (照應第1段，構成“總—分—總”結構)
高中英語觀點類作文模板：段首句
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇十一
my favourite occupation
if you ask me what is my favourite will say “a teacher” without any is because of my teachers’ impact on me..
teachers are considered as the greatest occupation in the try their best to help their students obtain the knoeledge and become useful people in think i will be in honor of teachers .
it is easier to say than to be a good teacher is not easy,so i should establish good foundation now .to study much harder is certainly addition ,try to learn the methodology from the teach old man endlish in your neighbourhood in your spare time,this can let you have much experience.
i believe that i will be a good teacher in the future.
我的業余愛好
如果你問我什么是我最喜歡的職業，我會說:“老師”毫不猶豫的。這是因為我的老師對我的影響。
老師都被看作是世界上最偉大的職……他們盡其所能來幫助學生獲得knoeledge變成有用的人,在社會上我認為我將會在榮譽的教師。
這是更容易說比要成為一名好老師是不容易的，所以我應該建立了良好的基礎。學習更加努力的`確是必要的。此外，努力學習的方法從教老人endlish在你的鄰居在業余時間，這可以讓你有很多經驗。
我相信,我會成為一名優秀的教師。
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇十二
1 ---人---tend to have a favorable attitude toward ------
2 using bicycle contributes greatly to people’s physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.
使用自行車有助于人們的身體健康，并極大地緩解了交通阻塞。
3 the harder you work, the more progress you make.你越努力，你越進步。
4 many people seem to overlook the basic fact:許多人似乎忽視了這個基本事實：
5 listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.聽音樂能使我們放松。
6 on no account can we ignore the value of knowledge
我們絕對不能忽視知識的價值。
7 there is no one but longs 人們都希望------
8 so precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.時間是如此珍貴，我們不能浪費它。
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇十三
section b
directions:in this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. you may choose a paragraph more than once. each paragraph is marked with a letter. answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on answer sheet 2.
countries rush for upper hand in antarctica
a) on a glacier-filled island with fjords(峽灣)and elephant seals, russia has built antarctica’s first orthodox church on a bill overlooking its research base. less than an hour away by snowmobile. chinese laborers have updated the great wall station, a vital part of china’s plan to operate five basses on antarctica, complete with an indoor badminton court and sleeping quarters for 150 people. not to be outdone, india’s futuristic new bharathi base, built on stills(樁子)using 134 interlocking shipping containers, resembles a spaceship. turkey and iran have announced plans to build bases, too.
b) more than a century has passed since explorers raced to plant their flags at the bottom of the world, and for decades to come this continent is supposed to be protected as a scientific preserve, shielded from intrusions like military activities and mining . but an array of countries are rushing to assert greater influence here, with an eye not just towards the day those protective treaties expire, but also for the strategic and commercial that already exist.
c) the newer players are stepping into what they view as a treasure house of resources. some of the ventures focus on the antarctic resources that are already up for grabs, like abundant sea life. south korea, which operates state-of–the-art bases here, is increasing its fishing of krill(磷蝦)，found in abundance in the southern ocean, while russia recently frustrated efforts to create one of the world’s largest ocean sanctuaries here.
d) some scientists are examining the potential for harvesting icebergs form antarctica, which is estimated to have the biggest reserves of fresh water on the planet. nations are also pressing ahead with space research and satellite projects to expand their global navigation abilities.
e) building on a soviet-era foothold, russia is expanding its monitoring stations for glonass, its version of the global positioning system(gps). at least three russian stations are already operating in antarctica, part of its effort to challenge the dominance of the american gps, and new stations are planned for sites like the russian base, in the shadow of the orthodox church of the holy trinity.
f) elsewhere in antarctica, russian researchers boast of their recent discovery of a freshwater reserve the size of lake ontario after drilling through miles of solid ice. “you can see that we’re here to stay,” said vladimir cheberdak, 57, chief of the bellingshausen station, as he sipped tea under a portrait of fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen, a high-ranking officer in the imperial russian navy who explored the antarctic coast in 1820.
g) antarctica’s mineral, oil and gas wealth are a longer-term prize. the treaty banning mining here, shielding coveted(令人垂誕的)reserves of iron ore, coal and chromium, comes up for review in 2048. researchers recently found kimberlite(金伯利巖) deposits hinting at the existence of diamonds. and while assessments vary widely, geologists estimate that antarctica holds at least 36 billion barrels of oil and natural gas.
h) beyond the antarctic treaties, huge obstacles persist to tapping these resources, like drifting icebergs that could jeopardize offshore platforms. then there is antarctic’s remoteness, with some mineral deposits found in windswept locations on a continent that is larger the europe and where winter temperatures hover around minus 55 degrees celsius.
i) but advances in technology might make antarctica a lot more accessible three decades from now. and even before then, scholars warn, the demand for resources in an energy-hungry world could raise pressure to renegotiate antarctica’s treaties, possibly allowing more commercial endeavours here well before the prohibitions against them expire. the research stations on king george lsland offer a glimpse into the long game on this ice-blanketed continent as nations assert themselves, eroding the sway long held by countries like the united states, britain. australia and new zealand.
j) being stationed in antarctica involves adapting to life on the planet’s driest, windiest and coldest continent, yet each nation manages to make itself at home. bearded russian priests offer regular services at the orthodox church for the 16 or so russian speakers who spend the winter at the base, largely polar scientists in fields like glaciology and meteorology. their number climbs to about 40 in the warmer summer months. china has arguably the fastest growing operations in antarctica. it opened its fourth station last year and is pressing ahead with plans to build a fifth. it is building its second ice-breaking ship and setting up research drilling operations on an ice dome 13,422 feet above sea level that is one the planet’s coldest places. chinese officials say the expansion in antarctica prioritises scientific research. but they also acknowledge that concerns about “resource security” influence their moves.
k) china’s newly renovated great wall station on king george lsland makes the russian and chilean bases here seem outdated. ”we do weather monitoring here and other research.” ning xu, 53, the chief of the chinese base, said over tea during a fierce blizzard(暴風雪) in late november. the large base he leads resembles a snowed-in college campus on holiday break, with the capacity to sleep more than 10 times the 13 people who were staying on through the antarctic winter. yong yu, a chinese microbiologist, showed off the spacious building, with empty desks under an illustrated timeline detailing the rapid growth of china’s antarctic operations since the 1980s “we now feel equipped to grow,” he said.
l) as some countries expand operations in antarctica, the united states maintains three year-round stations on the continent with more than 1,000 people during the southern hemisphere’s summer, including those at the amundsen scott station, built in 1956 at an elevation of 9,301 feet on a plateau at the south pole. but us researchers quietly complain about budget restraints and having far fewer icebreakers the russia, limiting the reach of the united states in antarctica.
m) scholars warn that antarctica’s political drift could blur the distinction between military and civilian activities long before the continent’s treaties come up for renegotiation, especially in parts of antarctica that are ideal for intercepting(攔截) signals from satellites or retasking satellite systems, potentially enhancing global electronic intelligence operations.
n) some countries have had a hard time here, brazil opened a research station in 1984, but it was largely destroyed by a fire that killed two members of the navy in 2012, the same year that a diesel-laden brazilian barge sank near the base. as if that were not enough. a brazilian c-130 hercules military transport plane has remained stranded near the runway of chile’s air base here since it crash-landed in 2014.
o) however, brazil’s stretch of misfortune has created opportunities for china, with a chinese company winning the $100 million contract in 2015 to rebuild the brazilian station.
p) amid all the changes, antarctica maintains its allure. south korea opened its second antarctic research base in 2014, describing it as a way to test robots developed by korean researchers for use in extreme conditions. with russia’s help, belarus is preparing to build this first antarctic base. colombia said this year that it planned to join other south american nations with bases in antarctica.
q) “the old days of the antarctic being dominated by the interests and wishes of white men from european. australasian and north american states are over.” said klaus dodds, a politics scholar at the university of london who specialises in antarctica. “the reality is that antarctica is geopolitically contested.”
36. according to chinese officials, their activities in antarctica lay greater emphasis on scientific research.
37. efforts to create one of the world’s largest ocean sanctuaries failed because of russia’s obstruction.
38. with several monitoring stations operating in antarctica, russia is trying hard to counter america’s dominance in the field of worldwide navigational facilities.
39. according to geologists’ estimates. antarctica has enormous reserves of oil and natural gas.
40. it is estimated that antarctica boasts of the richest reserves of fresh water on earth.
41. the demand for energy resources may compel renegotiation of antarctica’s treaties before their expiration.
42. many countries are racing against each other to increase their business and strategic influence on antarctica.
43. antarctica’s harsh natural conditions constitute huge obstacles to the exploitation of its resources.
44. with competition from many countries, antarctica is no longer dominated by the traditional white nations.
45. american scientists complain about lack of sufficient money and equipment for their expansion in antarctica.
參考答案
section b
countries rush for upper hand in antarctica
36. [j]
37. [c]
38. [e]
39. [g]
40. [d]
41. [i]
42. [b]
43. [h]
44. [q]
45. [l]
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇十四
托?？谡Z考試中闡述自己的觀點
在托?？谡Z表達的過程中，清晰的闡明自己的觀點是最為重要的一個環節。就某一話題闡述自己的觀點是托?？谡Z部分的第一題和第二題的考試內容。通常這類話題針對日常生活中常見的人事物，考生需要對其進行描述或表達自己的看法和觀點。此類題目更多的是考查考生的思維應對能力。那么我們如何在托?？谡Z考試中闡述自己的觀點呢?
1、盡量按照總分的結構進行敘述，單刀直入，這也是西方人習慣的表達方式。由一句主題句引出觀點與中心，讓考官能夠清晰地得知敘述的主題，從而打下良好的基礎。如果在考題中出現了問題，則應該開門見山地回答問題，切入主題，闡明自己的觀點，從而為接下來的詳細敘述理清層次以及節約時間，如果有多余的時間，則可以再增添一句總結的話語，使敘述詳盡完整。
2、在敘述的過程中應該合理地利用邏輯詞匯，這樣使文章的邏輯順暢，條理清晰。中國人說話習慣靠上下文去分析句與句的關系，但是西方人不同，他們習慣用邏輯連接詞來表達句子關系，如果按照中國人的思維去說英語，在外國人看來就是一堆雜亂無章的句子羅列，這樣的分數常常會十分的不好看。論點的敘述，則應該盡量在草稿上簡單羅列，講述時由淺至深，增強邏輯性與條理性。所以，在練習口語的過程中，最好請一位外教跟蹤輔導，為學生糾正口音以及語言習慣等問題。
3、在描述時，應該盡量將抽象的話語具體化，不能很空泛地喊口號做呼吁，這樣常常收效甚微。西方人習慣十分具體生動的描述，如描述環境很優美，不應該僅僅說“its beautiful outside”，而可以去描述flower，tree，bird等細節，增強生動性。
4、面對十分概括的問題時，許多考生會覺得十分難以開口，只能讓時間白白流失，痛失了分數。針對這類問題，就應該將問題縮小到一個具體的事物進行敘述和討論，縮小問題尋找突破口，這種方法也是所有寬泛問題的應對方式。
托?？谡Z的答題步驟
第一步：考生要先了解托?？谡Z試題問的是什么
要讓托福口語有邏輯很重要的一點是你要真正理解問題的含義，知道應該如何解決問題，處理問題。要是你的答案跟問題毫不相干，答案就等于完全沒有邏輯性。即便語法啊，發音啊，措詞啊都很好，但是整個答案毫無意義。人有兩只耳朵，兩只眼睛，一張嘴，所以你要多聽，多看，少說。醫生也是要先找出病癥才能對癥下藥。同學們一定要先理解問題是什么。然后才能給出最好的答案和解決方案。
第二步：學會組織的你想法
同學們常常在事后，等到有時間重新回想的時候再后悔。尤其是在充滿消極情緒的情況下，同學們常常做出錯誤的判斷，說出錯誤的話，等到平靜下來以后非常后悔。想要把話說得富有邏輯性是相當費神的事。在考前的空余時間里，同學們就應該思考問題，想想新托?？谡Z考試的場景，想想如何有邏輯性地回答問題。此刻，同學們的大腦勝過了情緒。能夠毫無壓力地練習。由于事前已經把想法組織好，一旦面對考試問題，同學們就已經準備好富有自信和邏輯地回答問題了。
第三步：演練
組織好想法以后，同學們就要演練怎樣大聲對自己說了。如果可以的話，也可以對其他人說。大聲說出來!語言已經在腦海中形成了!不過你會發現一些問題。很多時候，同學們發現要說的跟所想的有些區別。那就一遍一遍反復說，一直說到你自己覺得舒服，有所提高為止。這對提升考生的自信有極大好處。熟能生巧，這真的會給你帶來高分。
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇十五
大一新生應該跟同年級還是其他年級的同學住在一起？
-04-21 荔行人生
topic: should our fresh man live bythemselves or live with others in the different grades.
大一新生應該跟同年級還是其他年級的同學住在一起？
hello everyone, today i want to discuss topicwith you: should our fresh men live by themselves or live with others in thedifferent grades?
of course, different people have differentideas. now, i will share my idea with you, which is that we should live with studentsin the same grade
first,freshmen can go to class together, to adapt tothe new teaching method and spend the free time together. unlike high schoolwhich is busy, college life gives us a lot of spare time when everyone gather togetherin the dormitory to share the attitudes? towards the new school and new teachers, discusstheir professional knowledge, and talk about the future plan of development. itis very convenient to do these things if students in the same grade live in thesame dormitory.
second, freshman is so shy, not familiar with the surrounding living together with the seniors, they may be laughed at and bullied, butfreshmen living together can help each other to be familiar with thesurroundings. for example, we can go around the campus and find it so this is what high school students think of no fun, but freshmen arefull of curiosity, so i think the freshmen should live together.
in conclusion, let us join hands together to create a good livingenvironment. the dormitory is also home to us. it needs our join efforts to letit become warm and harmonious. so, cherish our college life, cherish the collegefriendship.
by jinhuan
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇十六
1. 記住該記住的，忘記該忘記的。改變能改變的，接受不能改變的。
remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is mutable.
2.魚對水說你看不到我的眼淚，因為我在水里。水說我能感覺到你的眼淚，因為你在我心里。
“you couldn’t see my tears cause i am in the water.” fish said to water.
“but i could feel your tears cause you are in my heart.” answered water.
3.人生短短幾十年，不要給自己留下了什么遺憾，想笑就笑，想哭就哭，該愛的時候就去愛，無謂壓抑自己。
your life only lasts for a few decades, so be sure that you dont leave any regrets. laugh or cry as you like, and it‘s meaningleto oppreyourself.
4.生命中，不斷地有人進入或離開。于是，看見的，看不見了；記住的，遺忘了。生命中，不斷地有得到和失落。于是，看不見的，看見了；遺忘的.，記住了。然而，看不見的，是不是就等于不存在？記住的，是不是永遠不會消失？
there is someone that is coming or passing away in your life around the clock, so you may lose sight of those seen, and forget those remembered. there is gain and loin your life, so you may catch sight of those unseen, and remember those forgotten. nevertheless, doesn’t the unseen exist for sure? will the remembered remain forever?
5. 后悔是一種耗費精神的情緒。后悔是比損失更大的損失，比錯誤更大的錯誤。所以不要后悔。
penitence is something that enervates our spirit, causing a greater lothan the loitself and ma-ki-ng a bigger mistake than the mistake itself. so never regret
is measured by thought and action not by time.衡量生命的尺度是思想和行為，而不是時間。
is not all beer and skittles. 人生并非盡是樂事 。
absent, soon forgotten. 別久情疏 。
before you leap. 三思而后行 。
see most of the game. 旁觀者清，當局者迷。
make the man.觀其待人而知其人 。
tests the sincerity of friends. 患難識知交。
cross, no crown.沒有苦難，就沒有快樂 。
s enemy but his own. 自尋苦惱 。
mans fault is another mans lesson. 前車之覆，后車之鑒 。
all men, but never thyself. 嚴以律已，寬以待人。
is the guide and light of life. 理智是人生的燈塔 。
gladnesucceed one another. 樂極生悲，苦盡甘來 。
waters run deep.流靜水深，人靜心深 。
——大學英語六級閱讀解析3篇
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇十七
闡述觀點有理有據的寫作技巧
知識要點：
2、議論文的三要素包括論點、論據和論證。
3、寫簡單的議論文，努力做到有理有據。
考試說明：
我們在報刊上、書籍中經?？吹降恼撐摹⑸缯摗⒍淘u、小評論、雜感、序跋、宣言、聲明、開幕詞、以及用文字記錄下來的講話稿、報告等都屬議論文。議論文在兩個文明建設和日常生活中有著極大的作用。我們必須努力學習和掌握這種文體的寫法。
1、議論文的三要素
每一篇議論文，都離不開論點、論據和論證。因此，鮮明的論點，確鑿的論據，嚴密的論證，是議論文的三個基本要素。
①正確。寫議論文的目的是為了宣傳真理、明辨是非、分清正誤、區別美丑，所以，思想觀點正確是首要的。
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇十八
hello everyone, today i want to discuss topicwith you: should our fresh men live by themselves or live with others in thedifferent grades?
of course, different people have differentideas. now, i will share my idea with you, which is that we should live with studentsin the same grade
first,freshmen can go to class together, to adapt tothe new teaching method and spend the free time together. unlike high schoolwhich is busy, college life gives us a lot of spare time when everyone gather togetherin the dormitory to share the attitudes towards the new school and new teachers, discusstheir professional knowledge, and talk about the future plan of development. itis very convenient to do these things if students in the same grade live in thesame dormitory.
second, freshman is so shy, not familiar with the surrounding living together with the seniors, they may be laughed at and bullied, butfreshmen living together can help each other to be familiar with thesurroundings. for example, we can go around the campus and find it so this is what high school students think of no fun, but freshmen arefull of curiosity, so i think the freshmen should live together.
in conclusion, let us join hands together to create a good livingenvironment. the dormitory is also home to us. it needs our join efforts to letit become warm and harmonious. so, cherish our college life, cherish the collegefriendship.
by jinhuan
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇十九
先要快速提升自己的托福口語成績，托福口語的題型了解對于大家來說是非常重要的。托?？谡Z考試中常有考察觀點闡述的題型，這類題需要較好的語言組織能力，對考生現場反應能力的要求也挺高。那么托?？谡Z應該如何闡述觀點呢?現在，我們就大家帶來托?？谡Z觀點闡述題怎么做，希望對大家托福備考有所幫助。
如何應對觀點闡述題?學會開門見山的表達
首先，大家都知道，西方人表達比較喜歡開門見山，所以我們建議大家盡量按照總分的結構進行敘述，這比較符合西方人的思維習慣和表達習慣。開頭拋出一句主題句，引出觀點與中心論點，讓考官能夠清晰地知道敘述的主題，從而為后面的說明打下良好的基礎。
如果在考題中出現了問題，應該開門見山地回答問題，切入主題，闡明自己的觀點，從而為接下來的詳細敘述理清層次以及節約時間，如果有多余的時間，則可以再增添一句總結的話語，使敘述詳盡完整。切記不要回答的拐彎抹角、模糊不清。
在敘述的過程中應該合理地利用邏輯詞匯，這樣使表達的邏輯順暢，條理清晰。西方人習慣用邏輯連接詞來表達句子關系，所以如果按照中國人的思維去說英語，在外國人看來就是一堆雜亂無章的句子羅列，這樣的分數常常會不好看。
論點應該盡量在草稿上簡單羅列，講述時由淺至深，增強邏輯性與條理性。在描述時，應該盡量將抽象的話語具體化，不能很空泛地喊口號做呼吁，這樣常常收效甚微。西方人習慣十分具體生動的描述，可以多去描述細節，增強表達的生動性。
面對十分概括的問題時，許多考生會覺得十分難以開口，只能讓時間白白流失，痛失了分數。針對這類問題，就應該將問題縮小到一個具體的事物進行敘述和討論，縮小問題尋找突破口，這種方法也是所有寬泛問題的應對方式。
托?？谡Z三重點：邏輯、語音與時間
一、保持邏輯思維的敏銳。西方人在口語表達時會事先在頭腦中形成類似于寫作一樣的大致的邏輯框架，對開頭(提出論點)，中間(發展論點)，結尾(總結或辨析)進行規劃。所以學生只要應用了邏輯的開頭，以此來陳述立場，進而發展論點，就會讓考官形成思想認同，覺得你這個人邏輯思維到位，從而取得高分。而很多中國考生過于“含蓄”，回答問題毫無計劃性。以這種思維方式來與西方人進行溝通，不僅影響雙方理解，僅考試時間(通常是45秒-1分鐘)，就不允許。
二、注意語音和語法。很多中國考生理解為說得快就是英語流利的體現，結果發音含混不清，很多考官重點考察的發音不到位，而在詞語運用上過于簡單，信息含量低，影響考官打高分。因此，考生在陳述過程中要有豐富的抑揚頓挫。對于語句重音、語調方式及停頓等，要掌握得自然飄逸。并注意口語的修辭化，對一些修辭能恰到好處地進行引用。
三、掌握好答題時間。平時考生在準備口試的時候應該強迫自己對于某個話題在最短的時間內形成一個清晰、有邏輯性的觀點以及證明過程，并試圖先用中文表達出來，以后再慢慢地過渡到英語上面去。
以上是托福口語考試中對于思維邏輯、語音語調與答題時間的簡要分析，從文中可看出邏輯的重要性，但我們現在僅僅是做個比較，如果你想考個很高的分數或者滿分，那么就必須全部抓住。
托?？谡Z備考中內容的邏輯性是重中之重
在托?？谡Z的考試過程中，由于很多人都會考慮到這是一場上機考試，語音語調是非常重要的一關。而正是因為這樣，也是往往會忽視了口語表達中邏輯的重要性。那么，在托福口語表達過中，應該怎樣體現其內容中準確的邏輯思維呢?下面就為大家詳細介紹一下。
“前不久我們參加了ets舉辦的叫做新托福教師培訓的一個workshop。ets的培訓師專門給我們很多的口語錄音的樣本，比如這是滿分的樣本，這是4分的樣本，這是3分的樣本，讓我們先聽一下然后有一個評判，然后再讓我們去判分，其實這個評判過程和實際判分的過程是一樣的。在整個過程當中我們發現，有的測試者語音語調一般，一聽聲音就是外國人，但是他回答問題的要點和問題內容還有問題的邏輯性都很好，他的分數就非常高甚至滿分。所以ets的培訓師也跟我們說，ets知道所有這些人參加托?？荚嚨娜硕际峭鈬耍阅阌型鈬谝魶]關系，我們能聽懂就可以，因為理論上他已經知道你是外國人了，他重視的是回答的內容和要點，還有回答問題的邏輯性永遠是最重要的。”
以上就是托?？谡Z中語音語調與邏輯性的pk，從文中可看出邏輯性獲勝，但我們現在僅僅是做個比較，但如果你想考個很高的分數或者滿分，那么就算是再不重要的點我們都要抓住。
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇二十
from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although ——indeed bring us many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldn’t be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. 通過以上討論，我們可以得出結論：盡管----很多優點，但它的缺點不可忽視，且遠大于它的優點。
from what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____
.綜上所述，我們可以清楚地得出結論……
it is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______. however, from a personal point of view,i find----
在總體上很難說……是好還是壞，因為它在很大程度上取決于……的形勢。然而，就我個人而言，我發現…
個人觀點:
as for me, i’m in favor of the opinion that ———for the following reasons:
就我而言，我同意 觀點。
as far as i am concerned, i agree with the latter opinion to some extent. i think that ____.
i fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.
完全同意……這種觀點(陳述)，主要理由如下：
but ______and ______have their own advantages. for example, _____, while_____. comparing this with that, however, i prefer to______.
但是，……和……都有它們各自的優勢(好處)。例如，……，而……。然而，把這兩者相比較，我更傾向于(喜歡)……
號召：
in a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of in this way can ______in the future.
總而言之，整個社會應該密切關注……這個問題。只有這樣，我們才能在將來……
隨著社會的發展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每個人都愿為社會貢獻自已的一份力量，這個社會將要變得越來越好。
with the development of society, it”s urgent and necessary to every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.
嚴重影響社會秩序
seriously disturb social order
促進經濟和社會發展
to promote economic
對健康有好處
make for good health
對健康有危害
a hazard to health
破壞環境、污染環境
大學英語作文觀點型話題篇二十一
兩種策略教學觀點的對比研究
目前，對于策略的定義和本質尚未達到一個一致的認識，比如對于什么是策略行為，什么不是策略行為還 存在著廣泛的爭論。對策略問題的理論分歧反映在教學上則出現了兩種對立的教學方法：一種是直接教學（di rect instruction），另一種是互惠教學（recipiocal instru-ction）。本文試圖對這兩種方法進行分析比較 ， 并談談自己的一些構想。
一、關于策略教學一致的觀點和方法
1.策略教學有助于培養創造力
無論是直接教學還是互惠教學，都認為策略教學是培養創造力的重要手段，策略教學最終以形成學生創造 性的思維為最高目的和標準。提出直接教學觀的一些學者認為，通過策略教學，可以培養更清楚和更全面地看 待事物的`能力：不同一般地看待事物的能力（例如創造力或“橫向思維”）。同時，他們都認為策略是可教的 和可遷移的，主張把認知策略的學習作為一個重要目標正式列入課程計劃。教師在教學中必須在考慮知識、智 慧技能學習的同時考慮策略的學習，這一觀點受到普遍重視。對職業教育者的民意測驗發現，90％的人認為思 維技能方面的教育應該成為教育計劃中主要的優先內容。一個被普遍接受的觀點是認知策略的學習和智慧技能 的學習一樣也是一種學習的形式，而且是重要的學習形式。
2.認知策略是內部心智技能
直接教學和互惠教學都把認知策略作為技能進行教學，稱之為思維技能（thingking skill）。波羅教授把 思維定義為“操作技能、 通過它將智力作用在經驗上”?；セ萁虒W的擁護者伯瑞特教授反對把認知策略作為言 語聲明的規則進行教學，提倡把策略教學過程作為一個程序化過程，強調在學習者的實際行動中證實策略知識 ，而不是把策略作為陳述性知識呈現給學生。1974年，維特羅克提出生成學習的概念，提出了一系列由學習者 采取的旨在促進學習的具體技術（也稱生成技術），如列標題與小標題、自己設計問題、寫概要、抽象出主要 觀點和原理等，就是將策略作為技能進行研究的實例。加涅在策略的定義中也明確指出它是一種內部心智技能 ，是處理內部世界的能力，是自我控制和調節的能力。因此，策略無疑在知識分類中應歸為特殊的程序性知識 ，應按程序性知識教學的規律進行教學。
3.反省認知是策略遷移的條件
反省認知是弗拉維爾于70年代提出的一個新概念，指個體對自己的認知過程和結果的意識。它的提出是由 于人們的研究策略時發現策略不能夠遷移，只有當個體達到了反省認知水平時，策略才能遷移。這一觀點為現 代認知心理學廣泛接受，無論是直接教學還是互惠教學都強調反省認知在策略教學中的重要性。鼓勵講授反省 認知策略的科斯特教授認為，教學方法中輸入培養反省認知的教學策略，才能將智力行為發展為有意義的教育 結果。他認為這種自控能力是智力任務上成功行為所必要的，并提出一系列加強反省認知的教學策略。
二、關于策略教學的對立觀點和方法
1.策略是跨學科的可概括的技能，是特殊的與任務有關的技能。
持直接教學觀點的波羅教授認為，盡管存在著科目的差異，但是思考的習慣和能應用于任一學科領域的一 般的思維技能是存在的。例如，愿意尋找可選擇的解決途徑是一個可概括的思維習慣，而有意地引起爭論則是 可應用于任一情景中有助于產生主意的技能。他進一步指出，這些概括性的思維技能確實存在，只是不能在某 一專門的課程中講授，因為正是這些概括
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